November2, 2018| DAIGU SIGUA
南 島 民 族 的 風 俗
麵包樹 Breadfruit
麵包樹 Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) 佇太平洋各島嶼的栽培真普遍，大部分攏是人為引進。啥物所在才是麵包樹的起源地，至今猶無定論。根據埔農：麵包樹的台灣語(Paccanian) 為 “Chipoluo”， 佮仝屬無仝種的波羅蜜，起源地攏是台灣。
麵包樹，麵包果 在毛利語有 4 个名字，“Kuru, poroporo, pōporo, pōporohua”，其中有一个就是 “poroporo", 這个名佮仝屬的波羅蜜 Poluomi 敢若有關聯。雖然紐西蘭氣候較冷，無產麵包果，毛利人猶原保留遮个名。可見毛利人在 1000 年前遷入紐西蘭以前，麵包果已經是 in 文化的一部分。一般學術界的看法，麵包果佇大洋洲的栽培歷史超過 3000 年。
比較麵包樹的號名，大部分南島語的名字親像若有關聯。麵包樹佇南亞的栽培亦真普遍，但是各種印度語言的麵包樹講法，大部分攏是英文 “breadfuit” 的譯音。麵包樹佇印度應該嘛是引進的。
麵包樹佮仝屬的波羅蜜佇台灣全島攏有分布，由南到北，攏會當結果子，是營養價值懸，猶閣簡單栽培的作物。未來世界若是發生飢荒，麵包樹是一種真有潛力的果樹。南島民族遷徙太平洋各島嶼的時陣，攏有隨身紥着麵包樹佮紙桑樹的樹仔栽，因為按呢，每到一個新的所在，食物佮穿衫攏有保障。人徙到叨位，這兩種樹仔就種到叨位。
南島佮南亞麵包樹的名稱：
Latin
English
Taiwanese
Kavalan, Truku, Sakizaya
Amis
Tao (Yami)
Hawaiian
Cebuano
Filipino
Maori
Samoan
Fijian
Tahitian
Vietnamese
Bengali
Khmer
Sinhala
Artocarpus altilis
Breadfruit
Chipoluo
Bachilu
Apoluo
Chipopo
‘Ulu
Kulu
Kape
Kuru,poroporo,pōporo,pōporohua,
'Ulu
Uto
Uru
Bánh mì
Kām̐ṭhāla
Nombong
Hapanna
Maori Dictionary:
Kuru, poroporo, pōporo, pōporohua
(noun) breadfruit tree, breadfruit, Artocarpus altilis - a large, evergreen, tropical tree with large, round, starchy fruit originating in the South Pacific and was spread to the rest of Oceania. It has been an important staple crop in the Pacific for more than 3,000 years, but does not grow in the colder climate of Aotearoa/New Zealand.
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Breadfruit is an underutilized traditional crop bred by the indigenous peoples of the Pacific.
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Breadfruit is high in starch, protein, vitamins and minerals.
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A single breadfruit tree can provide basic nutrition as fresh fruit and flour to sustain a family of four.
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A breadfruit tree lives 70–100 years with minimal input and can be grown as part of a sustainable agroforestry-based food system.
Complex origins of breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis, Moraceae): implications for human migrations in Oceania. / Zerega NJ1, Ragone D, Motley TJ.
Abstract
Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis, Moraceae), a traditional starch crop in Oceania, has enjoyed legendary status ever since its role in the infamous mutiny aboard the H.M.S. Bounty in 1789, yet its origins remain unclear. Breadfruit's closest relatives are A. camansi and A. mariannensis. DNA fingerprinting data (AFLP, amplified fragment length polymorphisms) from over 200 breadfruit cultivars, 30 A. camansi, and 24 A. mariannensis individuals were used to investigate the relationships among these species. Multivariate analyses and the identification of species-specific AFLP markers indicate at least two origins of breadfruit. Most Melanesian and Polynesian cultivars appear to have arisen over generations of vegetative propagation and selection from A. camansi. In contrast, most Micronesian breadfruit cultivars appear to be the result of hybridization between A. camansi-derived breadfruit and A. mariannensis. Because breadfruit depends on humans for dispersal, the data were compared to theories on the human colonization of Oceania. The results agree with the well-supported theory that humans settled Polynesia via Melanesia. Additionally, a long-distance migration from eastern Melanesia into Micronesia is supported.
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